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Editorial Note / Nota Editorial
Can we end hunger and malnutrition and reduce the impa=
ct
of agriculture on global warming?
ÀPodemos acabar con el hambre =
y
la desnutrici—n y reducir el impacto de la agricultura en el calentamiento
global?
Professor Emeritus, Catholic University o=
f
Leuven, Belgium.
Corresponding author:
jan.feyen@kuleuven.be
World leaders met in
Glasgow from the 31st of October to the 13th of November 2021 to analyze and
discuss during the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) the measures th=
e
world ought to take with urgency to avoid global warming would exceed 1.5¡C
since a rise of 2¡C or more might cause climate-related phenomena beyond
control. Some climate scientists proclaim that we have only 20 years before
thereÕs no turning back. The effects of global warming are becoming every da=
y
more visible. The number of climate-related disasters doubled from 3,656
between 1980 and 1999 to 7,348 in the period 2000-2019 and is expected to ri=
se
to 560 and more per year from 2030 onwards. The climate-related disasters in
the past affected 4.2 billion people, killed over 1.23 million people, and t=
he
estimated economic damage amounted to $2,970 billion.
No location in the world
seems to be escaping the effects of climate change. The floods in Belgium, t=
he
Netherlands, and Germany, during the summer of 2021 were the second most
expensive climate-related disaster, with estimated damage of 38 billion euro=
s.
Similarly, extreme rains in and around El Tambo canton and Sayaus’ in Ecuado=
r
led in June 2022 to severe landslides and mud flows through the urban area
preventing vehicular traffic and causing damage to houses and infrastructure=
.
In March 2022 was Australia hit by floods, while the horror heat wave in Ind=
ia
and Pakistan, the warmest March in 60 years, led to a decline in the wheat
harvest and a blockage of wheat exports to third world countries, resulting =
in
extreme famine in the countries of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea,
Somalia, and Djibouti). The warmer and drier conditions of the 21st century
make vegetation in the Rocky Mountain forests in the US, southern Europe, an=
d
the north of Africa, more flammable and are responsible for the enormous ann=
ual
forest fires. Droughts, floods, and heat waves that used to occur once in 10
years, now occur 4 to 6 times per decade and threaten more and more the plan=
et
Earth and global food supplies.
The planet Earth host 7.=
95
billion people, and after decades of progress, the rate of child survival is=
in
reverse for the first time in 20 years. In addition, COVID-19, shifts in cli=
mate,
and ongoing conflicts contributed to a global hunger crisis that is getting
worse. If the current trend continues it is estimated that by 2030 the numbe=
r
of undernourished people will reach 840 million. By the end of 2022=
,
shall according to OXFAM 1 in 10 people live in Los l’deres mundiales se reunieron en Glasgow del 3=
1
de octubre al 13 de noviembre de 2021 para analizar y discutir, durante la 2=
6»
Conferencia de la ONU sobre el Cambio Clim‡tico (COP26), las medidas que el
mundo deber’a tomar con urgencia para evitar que el calentamiento global sup=
ere
los 1,5¡C ya que una un aumento de 2¡C o m‡s podr’a causar fen—menos
relacionados con el clima fuera de control. Algunos cient’ficos del clima
proclaman que tenemos solo 20 a–os antes de que no haya vuelta atr‡s. Los
efectos del calentamiento global son cada d’a m‡s visibles. El nœmero de
desastres relacionados con el clima se duplic— de 3,656 entre 1980 y 1999 a =
7,348
en el per’odo 2000-2019 y se espera que aumente a 560 y m‡s por a–o a partir=
de
2030. Los desastres relacionados con el clima en el pasado afectaron a 4,200
millones de personas, mataron a m‡s de 1.23 millones de personas y el da–o
econ—mico estimado ascendi— a $2,970 mil millones.
Ningœn
lugar en el mundo parece estar escapando a los efectos del cambio clim‡tico.
Las inundaciones en BŽlgica, los Pa’ses Bajos y Alemania durante el verano d=
e
2021 fueron el segundo desastre relacionado con el clima m‡s costoso, con d=
a–os
estimados en 38 mil millones de euros. De manera similar, las lluvias extrem=
as
en el cant—n El Tambo y sus alrededores y Sayaus’ en Ecuador provocaron en
junio de 2022 severos deslizamientos de tierra y flujos de lodo a travŽs del
‡rea urbana que impidieron el tr‡fico vehicular y causaron da–os a viviendas=
e
infraestructura. En marzo de 2022, Australia sufri— inundaciones, mientras q=
ue
la terrible ola de calor en India y Pakist‡n, la m‡s c‡lida en marzo en 60
a–os, provoc— una disminuci—n en la cosecha de trigo y el bloqueo de las
exportaciones de trigo a pa’ses del tercer mundo, lo que provoc— una hambrun=
a
extrema en los pa’ses del Cuerno de çfrica (Etiop’a, Eritrea, Somalia y
Yibuti). Las condiciones m‡s c‡lidas y secas del siglo XXI hacen que la
vegetaci—n de los bosques de las Monta–as Rocosas en los EE. UU., el sur de =
Europa
y el norte de çfrica sean m‡s inflamables y sean responsables de los enormes
incendios forestales anuales. Sequ’as, inundaciones y olas de calor que sol’=
an
ocurrir una vez cada 10 a–os, ahora ocurren de 4 a 6 veces por dŽcada y
amenazan cada vez m‡s al planeta Tierra y al suministro mundial de alimentos=
.
El
planeta Tierra alberga a 7,950 millones de personas y, tras dŽcadas de
progreso, la tasa de supervivencia infantil
extreme poverty, having =
an
income of less than 1.90 USD/day, and almost half of th=
e
worldÕs population will live on a daily income of less than 5.5 USD. It is
estimated that in 2055 the planet Earth will host 9.96 billion people, 2
billion more than today. The question is if our planet will be able to
feed properly the current world population and the 2 billion newcomers.
This could probably be realized by simultaneously increasing productivity an=
d
expanding the cultivated area. To prevent the expansion and intensification =
of
the agricultural area give rise to global warming and degradation of the pla=
net
humankind ought to get the right measures in place.
Today is 36% of the total land area, 4.9 billion hectares=
,
exploited by the agricultural sector, respectively 3.36 billion ha (68.4%) a=
s
pasture, 1.4 billion ha for the cultivation of annual agricultural crops, an=
d
154 million ha for the production of perennial crops, such as coffee, cacao,
banana, etc. The agricultural area can be maximum expanded by 2 billion ha, =
raising
the total agricultural land area to 6.9 billion or 56% of the total land are=
a.
Foregoing is certainly not desirable because it will cause a drastic reducti=
on
of the land area covered with forest, and forest plays a crucial role in the
reduction of the CO2 concentration and the pushing down of global warming. T=
he
forested area occupies in 2022 4 billion ha or 31% of the earthÕs land area.
So, when the farmed land area would expand with 2 billion ha this for sure
would go hand in hand with a reduction of the forested area. In the last yea=
rs,
especially in the tropics, the world lost an estimated ±3 million hectares o=
f
forest, corresponding to a decline in global CO2 absorption by 7%. Five
consumer goods are responsible for the majority of deforestation, namely
grassland, soybean, corn, palm oil, and wood pulp. The countries with the
highest deforestation are all located in South America, with Brazil the lead=
ing
country followed in decreasing order by Columbia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argenti=
na,
and Peru.
To reduce carbon emissions, increasing the output of the
existing farmed area might be more beneficial than expanding the agricultura=
l
area. For example, the potential agricultural area in Africa is 1 billion ha=
of
which only 400 million ha is cultivated. If Africa were to get 1 billion
hectares into production, it could autonomously feed the entire African
population and become a food supplier for the rest of the world. An alternat=
ive
that would permit feeding properly the current and future world population
consists in reducing meat consumption and converting the released fraction o=
f
pasture into farmland with annual and perennial crops. Meat and dairy
consumption are fueling global warming, and switching to a more plant-based
diet will help combat climate change. Daily meat consumption expressed in gr=
ams
per person varies from below 40 g to over 165 g. The countries with the high=
est
consumption are Canada and the US, Brazil, Argentina, and Chili, Europe, the
Soviet Union, China, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The
responsibility for global meat reduction falls overwhelmingly on the shoulde=
rs
of the worldÕs richer countries. If 10% of people worldwide switched
from meat to a plant-based diet, or if we all ate 10% less meat, 38 million
hectares could be forested (an area larger than Germany), large enough to pl=
ant
2.7 billion trees, and we will save 8.6 billion cubic meters of water (enoug=
h
to supply New York state for five years) and reduce CO2 emissions by 176
millions tons per year (Blue Horizon Corporation & PricewaterhouseCooper=
s).
se
ha invertido por primera vez en 20 a–os. Adem‡s, el
El sector agr’cola explota hoy el
36% de la superficie total de la tierra, esto es 4.9 mil millones de hect‡re=
as:
3.36 mil millones de ha (68.4%) como pasto, 1.4 mil millones de ha para
cultivos agr’colas anuales y 154 millones de ha para la producci—n de cultiv=
os
perennes, como cafŽ, cacao, banano, etc. El ‡rea agr’cola puede expandirse a=
l
m‡ximo en 2 mil millones de hect‡reas, elevando el ‡rea total de tierras
agr’colas a 6.9 mil millones o el 56% del ‡rea total de la superficie
terrestre. Lo anterior ciertamente no es deseable porque causar‡ una reducc=
i—n
dr‡stica del ‡rea de tierra cubierta por bosques, y Žstos juegan un papel
crucial en la reducci—n de la concentraci—n de CO2 y en la disminuci—n del
calentamiento global. En 2022 los bosques ocupan 4 mil millones de hect‡reas=
o
el 31% de la superficie terrestre del planeta. Entonces, cuando el ‡rea de
tierra cultivada se expanda en 2 mil millones de hect‡reas, esto seguramente
ir‡ de la mano con una reducci—n del ‡rea forestal. En los œltimos a–os,
especialmente en los tr—picos, el mundo perdi— un estimado de ±3 millones de
hect‡reas de bosque, lo que corresponde a una disminuci—n de la absorci—n de
emisiones globales de CO2 del 7%. Cinco bienes de consumo son responsables d=
e
la mayor parte de la deforestaci—n, a saber, pastizales, soja, ma’z, aceite =
de
palma y pulpa de madera. Los pa’ses con mayor deforestaci—n se encuentran to=
dos
en AmŽrica del Sur, siendo Brasil el pa’s l’der seguido en orden decreciente
por Colombia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina y Perœ.
Para reducir las emisiones de
carbono, aumentar la producci—n del ‡rea cultivada existente podr’a ser m‡s
beneficioso que expandir el ‡rea agr’cola. Por ejemplo, la superficie agr’co=
la
potencial de çfrica es de mil millones de hect‡reas, de las cuales s—lo se
cultivan 400 millones de hect‡reas. Si çfrica pusiera en producci—n 1,000
millones de hect‡reas, podr’a alimentar de forma aut—noma a toda la poblaci—=
n
africana y convertirse en un proveedor de alimentos para el resto del mundo.
Una alternativa, que permitir’a alimentar adecuadamente a la poblaci—n mundi=
al
actual y futura, consiste en reducir el consumo de carne y convertir la
fracci—n liberada de pastos en tierras de cultivo con cultivos anuales y
perennes. El consumo de carne y productos l‡cteos est‡ alimentando el
calentamiento global, y cambiar a una dieta m‡s basada en plantas ayudar‡ a
combatir el cambio clim‡tico. El consumo diario de carne
expresado en
Wh=
y not
adopt worldwide the diet recommended by the World Health Organization? This
organization advocates a weekly diet consisting =
of _
liter of milk per day, the consumption of 100 gr pork, beef or lamb meat, 20=
0 gr
poultry, 200 gr fish, and 2 eggs. The diet is balanced, consisting of a rati=
o
of milk and meat, supplemented with plant foods. If we make this shift it wi=
ll
be possible to decently feed the world population in 2055, 10 billion people=
,
without the need to expand the current area occupied by agriculture, it is
without the need to further reduce EarthÕs forested area. By adopting the WH=
O
diet, global agriculture will be able to limit its impact on global warming
while still producing enough food to provide a decent diet for every residen=
t
today and in future. To put this in practice a lot of other policies and
measures ought to be put in place, such as closing the gap between the rich =
and
the poor, ending wars and disputes between peoples and countries, and ensuri=
ng
that countries possess a progressive education and health system, that the
never-ending differences of opinion between political parties stop, among ot=
her
aspects. Realization of previous requires cooperation between the 195 countr=
ies
in the world, of which 193 countries are member states of the United Nations=
.
I might be dreaming big by writing an editor=
ial
note on this subject, and I realize that aligning all the people and all the
countries on planet Earth presumably is a utopia.
gramos por persona var’a desde me=
nos
de 40 g hasta m‡s de 165 g. Los pa’ses con mayor consumo son Canad‡ y Unidos=
,
Brasil, Argentina y Chile, Europa, Uni—n SoviŽtica, China, Arabia Saudita y
Australia. La responsabilidad de la reducci—n mundial de la carne recae
abrumadoramente sobre los hombros de los pa’ses m‡s ricos del mundo. Si el 1=
0%
de las personas en todo el mundo pasaran de la carne a una dieta basada en
plantas, o si todos comiŽramos un 10% menos de carne, se podr’an forestar 38=
millones
de hect‡reas (un ‡rea m‡s grande que Alemania), lo suficientemente grande co=
mo
para plantar 2,700 millones de ‡rboles, y ahorrar‡ 8,600 millones de metros
cœbicos de agua (suficiente para abastecer al estado de Nueva York durante
cinco a–os) y reducir‡ las emisiones de CO2 en 176 millones de toneladas al =
a–o
(Blue Horizon Corporation & PricewaterhouseCoopers).
ÀPor quŽ no adoptar en todo el mu=
ndo
la dieta recomendada por la Organizaci—n Mundial de la Salud? Esta organizac=
i—n
aboga por una dieta semanal consistente en _ de litro de leche al d’a, el
consumo de 100 gr de carne de cerdo, ternera o cordero, 200 gr de ave, 200 g=
r
de pescado y 2 huevos. La dieta es equilibrada, consistente en una proporci—=
n
de leche y carne, complementada con alimentos vegetales. Si hacemos este cam=
bio
ser‡ posible alimentar dignamente a la poblaci—n mundial en 2055, 10 mil
millones de personas, sin necesidad de ampliar la superficie actual ocupada =
por
la agricultura, es decir, sin necesidad de reducir aœn m‡s la superficie bos=
cosa
de la Tierra. Al adoptar la dieta de la OMS, la agricultura global podr‡
limitar su impacto en el calentamiento global y al mismo tiempo producir
suficientes alimentos para proporcionar una dieta decente para todos los
residentes hoy y en el futuro. Para poner esto en pr‡ctica, se deben
implementar muchas otras pol’ticas y medidas, como cerrar la brecha entre ri=
cos
y pobres, poner fin a las guerras y disputas entre pueblos y pa’ses, y
garantizar que los pa’ses cuenten con sistemas progresistas de educaci—n y
salud, que cesen las interminables diferencias de opini—n entre los partidos
pol’ticos, entre otros aspectos. La realizaci—n de lo anterior requiere la
cooperaci—n entre los 195 pa’ses del mundo, de los cuales 193 pa’ses son
estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas.
Podr’a estar so–ando en grande al
escribir una nota editorial sobre este tema, y me doy cuenta de que alinear =
a
todas las personas y todos los pa’ses del planeta Tierra presumiblemente es =
una
utop’a.
MASKANA, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1-3=
,
2022 https://publicaciones.ucuenc=
a.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/maskana/article/view/4224 doi: 10.1853=
7/mskn.13.01.00 © Author(s) 2022. CC Attribution 4.0 License. |
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