Determinación del Potencial de Generación Eléctrica a Partir de Biomasa en el Ecuador
Resumen
El consumo energético mundial se ha incrementado con el paso de los años para satisfacer las necesidades de una sociedad altamente demandante. El Ecuador no está exento de esta realidad, dependiendo su economía en gran medida de los combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, es posible aminorar esta dependencia si se considera a la biomasa proveniente de residuos agrícolas de la producción de cultivos entre los que se destacan el banano, arroz, caña de azúcar y cacao como una potencial fuente de energía. En el presente artículo, se evaluó el potencial de generación de energía eléctrica efectivo de los residuos agrícolas de los cultivos antes mencionados empleando una metodología que contempla la estimación de la disponibilidad real de biomasa, sus poderes caloríficos inferiores y el rendimiento global de planta equivalente de tecnologías de conversión energética de biomasa como la combustión directa CD, la gasificación con turbina de gas GTG, la gasificación con ciclo combinado GCC, y la pirólisis con ciclo combinado PCC. Los resultados muestran que el banano, al presentar la mayor cantidad de residuos producidos por año, posee los mayores potenciales de generación de energía eléctrica: 119,5 GWh mediante CD, 150,3 GWh por medio de GTG, 201,2 GWh a través de GCC y 186,2 GWh mediante PCC.
Energy consumption worldwide has increased over the years to meet the needs of a society whose population is increasing. Ecuador is not exempt from this reality; its economy is largely dependent on fossil fuels. However, it is possible to lessen this dependence by considering the biomass from agricultural residues of crop production, among which, banana, rice, sugar cane and cocoa stand out as a potential sources of energy. In the present article, the potential of effective electric power generation of the residues coming from the mentioned crops was evaluated using a methodology that considers the estimation of the real availability of biomass, its low heating values and the overall yield of equivalent plant of technologies of Biomass energy conversion such as direct combustion DC, gasification coupled with gas turbine TGG, gasification with combined cycle CCG, and pyrolysis with combined cycle CCP. The results show that banana, with the largest amount of waste produced per year, has the greatest potential for electricity generation: 119.5 GWh through DC, 150,3 GWh through TGG, 201,2 GWh through CCG and 186.2 GWh by CCP.
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