Beyond Petroleum: A look at the impact of electric cars in the three main cities of Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18537/est.v006.n010.13Keywords:
electric cars, private vehicles, public transport, renewable energies, Urban MetabolismAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of changing private vehicles in Ecuador’s three main cities from combustion engines to their electric counterparts, and to assess whether the newly created electricity demand could be met by renewable energies located within the city boundaries. The work studies Ecuador’s three main cities: Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca. It was found that in theory and in the extreme case, if there were a sudden change where all the cars and SUVs of Quito were to be replaced by electric vehicles, an electricity demand would be created that could be satisfied through roof installed solar PV within the city boundaries. It would not be feasible however, to do this through wind power. Overall, it was recognised that in reality the changeover to electric vehicles is not likely to be sudden, plus that a transition to electric cars and SUVs only works towards partially solving the problem of fossil fuel demands from the transport sector, but has little impact on the issue of congestion and space requirements. As such, mass transit, multi-modal, electric transport systems have an important role to play in this context for the next stage of research.
Keywords: electric cars, private vehicles, public transport, renewable energies, Urban Metabolism.Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Alduán, A. S., & Lafuente, M. N. (2012). Metabolismo urbano, energía y movilidad: los retos del urbanismo en el declive de la era del petróleo. Ciudad y territorio: Estudios territoriales, (171), 87-96.
Brand, P., & Dávila, J. D. (2011). Mobility innovation at the urban margins: Medellín's Metrocables. City, 15(6), 647-661.
CONELEC. (2008). Atlas Solar del Ecuador con fines de generación eléctrica.
CONELEC y la Corporación para la Investigación Energética. Quito, Ecuador.
CONELEC. (2013). Atlas Eólico del Ecuador con fines de generación eléctrica. Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos y Ministerio de Electricidad y Energías Renovables. Quito, Ecuador.
Davis, M. J. M., Polit, D. J., & Lamour, M. (2016). Social Urban Metabolism Strategies (SUMS) for Cities. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 309-327.
Davis, M. J. M. (in press). An electrifying change: the need to introduce electric vehicles in Ecuador, and its potential impact on the energy sector. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Physics (FICUP). Quito. Ecuador.
DMQ, Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. (2011). Ordenanza Municipal No 3746. Retrieved from: http://www.departamentos.com.ec/blog/39-municipio-regulaciones/80-ordenanza-municipal-3746.html
El Tiempo. (2012). Estudios para tranvía se entregaron ayer. El Tiempo (30 de Agosto de 2012). Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com.ec/noticias/cuenca/2/295389/estudios-para-tranvia-se-entregaron-ayer.
El Universo. (2015). Autos eléctricos sin aranceles anuncia el Gobierno ecuatoriano. El Universo (12 January 2015). Retrieved from: http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/02/12/nota/4549911/autos-electricos-aranceles-anuncia-gobierno-ecuatoriano.
EPMTP. ( s.f.). Nuestros corredores. Retrieved from: http://www.trolebus.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=674
Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Hüttler, W. (1998). Society's metabolism. Journal of industrial ecology, 2(4), 107-136.
Fundación Metrovía. (2015). Mapa de rutas. Retrieved from: http://www.metrovia-gye.com.ec/mapaderutas.
Fundación Metrovía. (s.f). Producción. Retrieved from: http://www.metrovia-gye.com.ec/PDF/produccion.html.
Gallego, R. A. S. (2011). Metrocable en Medellín, Colombia. El cable integrado, una nueva dimensíon del transporte por cable aéro. Zugriff am,26, 2013.
Greyson, J. (2006). An Economic Instrument for Zero Waste, Economic Growth and Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(13- 14), 1382-1390. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.07.019
Golubiewski, N. (2012). Is there a metabolism of an urban ecosystem? An ecological critique. Ambio, 41(7), 751-764.
Habitat III (HIII), 2015a. Issue Paper 16 – Urban Ecosystems and Resource Management. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development. New York, USA. Retrieved from: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-16_Urban-Ecosystem-and-Resource-Management-2.0.pdf.
Habitat III (HIII), 2015b. Issue Paper 19 – Transport and Mobility. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development. New York, USA. Retrieved from: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-19_Transport-and-Mobility-2.0.pdf.
Hermida Palacios, M. A., Calle, C., & Cabrera, N. (2015). La ciudad empieza aquí: metodología para la construcción de barrios compactos sustentables.
INEC. (2010). Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda Quito. Retrieved from: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/wp-content/descargas/Manu-lateral/Resultados-provinciales/pichincha.pdf
INEC. (2014) Anuario de Estadísticas de Transportes 2014. Cuadros Estadísticos de Resultados. Retrieved from: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_Economicas/Estadistica%20de%20Transporte/Publicaciones/Anuario_de_Estad_de_Transporte_2014.pdf.
Kennedy et al., 2007, cited in Kennedy, C., et al. (2011). The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental pollution, p.1. 159 (8), 1965-1973.
Kent, F. (2005, June 1). Streets are People Places. Project for Public Places. Retrieved from: htp:/www.pps.org/blog/transportationasplace/.
Jaramillo, A. (2015). USD 35 000 costará un auto eléctrico. El Comercio (23 February 2015). Retrieved from: http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/autoelectrico-ecuador-costos-tecnologia-electrolineras.html, 2015.
Lerner, J. (2007, March). Jaime Lerner: A song of the city [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/jaime_lerner_sings_of_the_city?language=en.
MacKay, D. (2008). Sustainable Energy-without the hot air. UIT Cambridge.
Metro. (2011). Metro de Quito. Retrieved from: http://www.metrodequito.gob.ec/metrohome.php?c=43.
Ministerio Coordinador De Sectores Estratégicos (MICSE). (2013). Sectores Estratégicos para el Buen Vivir. Avanzamos en el cambio de la Matriz Energética [online]. September 2013, no 01. [Date of access: 20 September 2015]. Retrieved from: <http://www.sectoresestrategicos.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/03/Web-Sectores-Estrate%CC%81gicos-para-el-Buen-Vivir- 01.pdf>.
Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos (MCSE). (2014). Resumen Balance Energético 2014. Quito, Ecuador.
Ministerio de Finanzas. (2015). Programación Presupuestaria Cuatrianual 2015-2018 (p. 73). Quito: Ministerio de Finanzas. Retrieved from: http://www.observatoriofiscal.org/docs/analisisopinion/Presupuesto2015ProgramaCuatrianual.pdf.
Municipio del DMQ. (2009). Plan Maestro de Movilidad para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito 2009-2025. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Empresa Municipal de Movilidad y Obras Públicas, Gerencia de Planificación de Movilidad. Quito.
Rueda, S. (2011). Las supermanzanas: reinventando el espacio público, reinventando la ciudad. In Ciudades (im) propias: la tensión entre lo global y lo local (pp. 123-134). Centro de Investigación Arte y Entorno.
Simoes, A., Hidalgo, C., Landry, D. (2014). A proportional representation of Ecuador's exports. Atlas of Economic Complexity, MIT Media, Lab, Boston, USA.
Tran, M., Banister, D., Bishop, J. D., & McCulloch, M. D. (2012). Realizing the electric-vehicle revolution. Nature climate change, 2(5), 328-333.
World Bank. (2014). Ecuador, Country at a Glance. Retrieved from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ecuador.
Yuan, Z., Bi, J., Moriguichi, Y. (2008). The Circular Economy. A New Development Strategy in China. Industrial Ecology in Asia, 10(1-2), 4-8. DOI: 10.1162/108819806775545321
Brand, P., & Dávila, J. D. (2011). Mobility innovation at the urban margins: Medellín's Metrocables. City, 15(6), 647-661.
CONELEC. (2008). Atlas Solar del Ecuador con fines de generación eléctrica.
CONELEC y la Corporación para la Investigación Energética. Quito, Ecuador.
CONELEC. (2013). Atlas Eólico del Ecuador con fines de generación eléctrica. Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos y Ministerio de Electricidad y Energías Renovables. Quito, Ecuador.
Davis, M. J. M., Polit, D. J., & Lamour, M. (2016). Social Urban Metabolism Strategies (SUMS) for Cities. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 34, 309-327.
Davis, M. J. M. (in press). An electrifying change: the need to introduce electric vehicles in Ecuador, and its potential impact on the energy sector. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Physics (FICUP). Quito. Ecuador.
DMQ, Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. (2011). Ordenanza Municipal No 3746. Retrieved from: http://www.departamentos.com.ec/blog/39-municipio-regulaciones/80-ordenanza-municipal-3746.html
El Tiempo. (2012). Estudios para tranvía se entregaron ayer. El Tiempo (30 de Agosto de 2012). Retrieved from: http://www.eltiempo.com.ec/noticias/cuenca/2/295389/estudios-para-tranvia-se-entregaron-ayer.
El Universo. (2015). Autos eléctricos sin aranceles anuncia el Gobierno ecuatoriano. El Universo (12 January 2015). Retrieved from: http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/02/12/nota/4549911/autos-electricos-aranceles-anuncia-gobierno-ecuatoriano.
EPMTP. ( s.f.). Nuestros corredores. Retrieved from: http://www.trolebus.gob.ec/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=674
Fischer-Kowalski, M., & Hüttler, W. (1998). Society's metabolism. Journal of industrial ecology, 2(4), 107-136.
Fundación Metrovía. (2015). Mapa de rutas. Retrieved from: http://www.metrovia-gye.com.ec/mapaderutas.
Fundación Metrovía. (s.f). Producción. Retrieved from: http://www.metrovia-gye.com.ec/PDF/produccion.html.
Gallego, R. A. S. (2011). Metrocable en Medellín, Colombia. El cable integrado, una nueva dimensíon del transporte por cable aéro. Zugriff am,26, 2013.
Greyson, J. (2006). An Economic Instrument for Zero Waste, Economic Growth and Sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(13- 14), 1382-1390. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.07.019
Golubiewski, N. (2012). Is there a metabolism of an urban ecosystem? An ecological critique. Ambio, 41(7), 751-764.
Habitat III (HIII), 2015a. Issue Paper 16 – Urban Ecosystems and Resource Management. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development. New York, USA. Retrieved from: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-16_Urban-Ecosystem-and-Resource-Management-2.0.pdf.
Habitat III (HIII), 2015b. Issue Paper 19 – Transport and Mobility. United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development. New York, USA. Retrieved from: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Habitat-III-Issue-Paper-19_Transport-and-Mobility-2.0.pdf.
Hermida Palacios, M. A., Calle, C., & Cabrera, N. (2015). La ciudad empieza aquí: metodología para la construcción de barrios compactos sustentables.
INEC. (2010). Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda Quito. Retrieved from: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/wp-content/descargas/Manu-lateral/Resultados-provinciales/pichincha.pdf
INEC. (2014) Anuario de Estadísticas de Transportes 2014. Cuadros Estadísticos de Resultados. Retrieved from: http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_Economicas/Estadistica%20de%20Transporte/Publicaciones/Anuario_de_Estad_de_Transporte_2014.pdf.
Kennedy et al., 2007, cited in Kennedy, C., et al. (2011). The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental pollution, p.1. 159 (8), 1965-1973.
Kent, F. (2005, June 1). Streets are People Places. Project for Public Places. Retrieved from: htp:/www.pps.org/blog/transportationasplace/.
Jaramillo, A. (2015). USD 35 000 costará un auto eléctrico. El Comercio (23 February 2015). Retrieved from: http://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/autoelectrico-ecuador-costos-tecnologia-electrolineras.html, 2015.
Lerner, J. (2007, March). Jaime Lerner: A song of the city [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/jaime_lerner_sings_of_the_city?language=en.
MacKay, D. (2008). Sustainable Energy-without the hot air. UIT Cambridge.
Metro. (2011). Metro de Quito. Retrieved from: http://www.metrodequito.gob.ec/metrohome.php?c=43.
Ministerio Coordinador De Sectores Estratégicos (MICSE). (2013). Sectores Estratégicos para el Buen Vivir. Avanzamos en el cambio de la Matriz Energética [online]. September 2013, no 01. [Date of access: 20 September 2015]. Retrieved from: <http://www.sectoresestrategicos.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/03/Web-Sectores-Estrate%CC%81gicos-para-el-Buen-Vivir- 01.pdf>.
Ministerio Coordinador de Sectores Estratégicos (MCSE). (2014). Resumen Balance Energético 2014. Quito, Ecuador.
Ministerio de Finanzas. (2015). Programación Presupuestaria Cuatrianual 2015-2018 (p. 73). Quito: Ministerio de Finanzas. Retrieved from: http://www.observatoriofiscal.org/docs/analisisopinion/Presupuesto2015ProgramaCuatrianual.pdf.
Municipio del DMQ. (2009). Plan Maestro de Movilidad para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito 2009-2025. Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Empresa Municipal de Movilidad y Obras Públicas, Gerencia de Planificación de Movilidad. Quito.
Rueda, S. (2011). Las supermanzanas: reinventando el espacio público, reinventando la ciudad. In Ciudades (im) propias: la tensión entre lo global y lo local (pp. 123-134). Centro de Investigación Arte y Entorno.
Simoes, A., Hidalgo, C., Landry, D. (2014). A proportional representation of Ecuador's exports. Atlas of Economic Complexity, MIT Media, Lab, Boston, USA.
Tran, M., Banister, D., Bishop, J. D., & McCulloch, M. D. (2012). Realizing the electric-vehicle revolution. Nature climate change, 2(5), 328-333.
World Bank. (2014). Ecuador, Country at a Glance. Retrieved from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ecuador.
Yuan, Z., Bi, J., Moriguichi, Y. (2008). The Circular Economy. A New Development Strategy in China. Industrial Ecology in Asia, 10(1-2), 4-8. DOI: 10.1162/108819806775545321
Published
2017-05-11
How to Cite
Maks Davis, M. (2017). Beyond Petroleum: A look at the impact of electric cars in the three main cities of Ecuador. Estoa. Journal of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, 6(10), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.18537/est.v006.n010.13
Issue
Section
Articles
License
The Journal declines any responsibility for possible conflicts derived from the authorship of the works that are published in it.
The University of Cuenca in Ecuador conserves the patrimonial rights (copyright) of the published works and will favor the reuse of the same ones, these can be: copy, use, diffuse, transmit and expose publicly.
Unless otherwise indicated, all contents of the electronic edition are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
