Heavy metals in rice wetlands in the lower basin of the Guayas River
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18537/mskn.02.01.02Keywords:
heavy metals, fytotoxicity, rice crop, basinAbstract
In the lower basin of Guayas, more in particular in the wetland area, the rice is cultivated on 350.000 ha. An area of 100 km2, covering both sides of the tributary river Babahoyo, situated in the cantons Samborondón and Yaguachi, was selected to study the presence of heavy metals in the top soil and plants. Soil samples were collected in 26 sites, whereas plants were sampled in 5 sampling stations. The concentration of heavy metals in the top soil was related to soil edaphological properties and the concentration in the rice plants, using multivariate analysis. At each site 12 variables were measured resulting over the 26 sites in the following average values: MO 4%, clay 32,7%, loam 49,8%, sand 17,5%, pH 6,6, CE 7,9 mS m-1, metal concentration in mg kg-1 Cu 48,8, Fe 8.734, Mn 343, Zn 34, Hg not detected, Cd 0,15 y Pb 4,4. Statistical analysis revealed that 40,7% of the spatial variability in heavy metals in the top soil is explained by the first two principal components, loam and clay (CP1) and clay and cadmium (CP2). In addition, the 26 sites could be grouped in 6 distinct classes at an euclidian distance of 3,22. Based on the concentration the heavy metals in the top soil rank from high to low as follows: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd and Hg not detected. The concentration of lead in the sites where also the lead concentration was measured in the rice plants, 5 locations in total, ranged in the top soil between 6,55-8,87 mg kg-1, in the roots between 3,30-4,40 mg kg-1, in the stems between 2,01-2,60 mg kg-1, and in the leaves between 1,80 and 2,00 mg kg-1.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Adriano, D.C., 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals, Springer, New York, 2001. En: Baird, C., 1999. Descargado de servlet http://www.abebooks.com/SearchResults?an=Adriano%2C+D.C.%3BAdriano%2C+Domy+C.%3BAdriano%2C+The+D.+C.+Trace+Elements+in+Terrestrial+Environment el 2 de mayo 2010.
Adriano, D., 1986. Trace elements in terrestrial environments. New York, USA, 533 págs.
Allison, L.E., H.E. Hayward, L.A. Richards, L. Berntein, M. Fireman G.A. Person, L.V. Wilcox, C.A.
Bower, J.T. Hatcher, R.C. Reeve, 1973. Diagnóstico y rehabilitación de suelos salinos y sódicos Trad. L.A. Richardas, 6a Ed., LIMUSA, México, 172 págs.
Arcos, V., R, Castro, 2005. Metales pesados en aguas sedimentos y organismos. Rev. Científica de Ciencias Ambientales, 101, 103-120.
Baird, C., 1999. Environmental chemistry. 2nd ed. Freeman. New York, NY, USA. Descargado de http://www.amazon.com/Environmental-Chemistry-Colin-Baird/dp/1429201460 el 5 enero 2011.
Bernal, M.P., S.C. Vazquez, D.J. Walker, 2007. Aplicación de la fitorremediación a los suelos contaminados por metales pesados. Aznalcóllar Ecosistemas, 16(2), 67-76.
Bonnet, J., 1960. Edafología de los suelos salinos y sódicos. Estación Experimental Agrícola, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 283 págs.
Brookes, P.C., 1995. The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals. Biol. Fert. Soils, 19, 269–279.
Brunetti, P., G. Soler-Rovira, K. Farrag, N. Senesi, 2009. Tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals by wild plat species grown in contaminated soils in Apulia region, Southern Italy. Plant Soil, 318, 285-298.
Cataldo, D.A., R.E. Wilding, T.R. Garland, 1987. Speciation of trace inorganic contaminants in plants and bioavailability to animals: an overwiew. J. Environ. Qual., 16(4).
C.I.M.M. Tecnologías y Servicios, 2010. Estudio de contaminación de cenizas y suelos en la ciudad de Chaitén y propuesta de medidas de mitigación y restauración. Descargado el 24 de septiembre 2010 de http://seremiloslagos.redsalud.gov.cl/url/item/9abf7df1a3c422e5e04001011f0104a2.pdf.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. Method 3051 Microwave assisted acid digestión of sediments, sludges, soils and oils. Revision 0. In: Test methods. SW-846. Section A, Part I, Chapter 3, 3051, 1-14.
Estévez, J., M.L. Andrade, P. Marcet, M.J. Montero, 2000. Fijacion y movilidad de Cadmio y Zinc en tres tipos de suelos ácidos de Galicia, España. Ciencias del Suelo, 18(1), 28-35.
Gulson, B.L., K.J. Mizon, M.J. Korsch, D. Howarth, 1996. Non-orebody sources are significant contributors to blood lead of some children with low to moderate lead exposure in a mayor mining community. The Sci. Total Environ., 181, 223-230.
Hernandez, F., J. Medina, J. Ansuátegui, 1990. Contaminación por metales pesados en el Mediterraneo: Aplicación a Organismos Marinos del Litoral de Castellón. Diputació de Castellón, 160, 21-38.
Henríquez,. C., G.A. Cabalceta, 1999. Guía practica para el estudio introductorio de los suelos con un enfoque agrícola. ACCS, San José, Costa Rica, 111 págs.
Jackson, M.L., 1970. Análisis químico de suelos y plantas. Trad. del Inglés por José Beltrán Martínez 2da Ed. OMEGA, Barcelona, 662 págs.
John, D.A., J.S. Leventhal, 1995. Bioavailability of metals. Descargado de http://www.unalmed.edu.co/rrodriguez/MODELOS/depositos-ambiente/BioaviabilityOf Metal.pdf/ el 17 de abril 2011.
Kabata-Pendias, A., H. Pendias, 2004. Soil-plant transfer of trace elements: An environmental issue. Descargado de http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi el 27 de septiembre 2010.
Kashem, A.M., B.R. Singh, 2001. Metal availability in contaminated soils: I. Effects of flooding and organic matter on changes in Eh, pH and solubility of Cd, Ni and Zn. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 61, 247-255.
Liu, J.G., K.Q. Li, J.K. Xu, Z.J. Zhang, T.B. Ma, X.L. Lu, J.H. Yang, Q.S. Zhu, 2003. Lead toxicity, uptake, and translocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Sci., 165, 793-802.
Majer, B.J., D. Tscherko, A. Paschke, 2002. Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: A comparative investigation. Mutation Res., 515, 111-124.
Montenegro, G., C. Fredes, E. Mejia, C. Bonomelli, L. Olivares, 2009. Contenido de metales pesados en suelos cercanos a un relave cuprífero chileno.Descargado de http://scielo.org.mx/pdf/agro/ 134n4a9.pdf el 10 de enero 2011.
Navarro-Aviño, J., P.A.S. Alonso, J.R. López-Moya, 2007. Aspectos bioquímicos y genéticos de la tolerancia y acumulación de metales pesados en plantas. Ecosistemas, 16(2), 10-25.
Oficial Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL (OMA), 18th Edition, 2005. AOAC Official Method 999.10. Descargado de http://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/H125800.pdf el 26 de septiembre 2010.
Pérez, C.I., A.M. Moreno, J.P. González, 1995. Influencia de la fracción arcilla y arena en el contenido y disponibilidad de metales pesados en el suelo. Edafología: Sociedad Española de las Ciencias del Suelo, 1, 83-89.
Pozo, W., 2001. Programa de educación e investigación en agricultura tropical sostenible en el Ecuador. Fondo Competitivo de Investigación Agropecuaria 2002. Portafolio de Alianzas Estratégicas Internacionales y Proyectos de Investigación PROMSA, 120 págs.
Pozo, W., T. Sanfeliu, G. Carrera, 2010. Variabilidad espacial.temporal de la salinidad del suelo en los.humedales de arroz en la.Cuenca.Baja.del.Guayas, Sudamérica. RTE, 23(1), 73-79.
Rodríguez, R., 2010. Situación arrocera Ecuatoriana. Corporación de Industriales arroceros del Ecuador. CORPCOM, 25 págs.
Ross,.S.M..1994..Toxic..metals..in..soil-plant..systems. Descargado de http://www.cabdirect. org/abstracts/19941904711.html;jsessionid=042B79D9FA54CCCD3B385006 A73DD625 el 12 de enero 2011.
SICA, 2001 Servicio de información y Censo Agropecuario, 2001. Sistemas y Procedimientos de Gestión. Interna Ambiental. Identificación de mercados y tecnología para productos agrícolas no tradicionales de exportación, ambientales para la producción agrícola. Quito, Ecuador. Descargado de http//:www.sica.gov.ec/agronegocios/Biblioteca/Convenio%20MAG%20IICA/
consid_mag.pdf el 27 de septiembre 2010.
Torres, G., E.A. Navarro, J. Languasco, K. Campos, N. Cuizano, 2007 Estudio preliminar de la fitoremediación de cobre divalente mediante Pistia stratioides (lechuga de agua). Descargado.de http://cienciaescolar.net/proyectos/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/ Art_14_Torres_lechuga_agua.pdf el 15 de diciembre 2010.
UEFC (Unidad Ejecutoria del Fondo Competitivo), 2002. El Ecuador Consolida su Fondo Competitivo de Investigación Agropecuaria 2002. Portafolio de Alianzas Estratégicas Internacionales y Proyectos de Investigación PROMSA adjudicados desde 1999 al 2001, Quito, Ecuador. UEFC, 56 págs.
Walkey, A., I.A. Black, 1934. An Examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37:29-37.
Wallace, G., A. Wallace, 1994. Lead and other potentially toxic heave metals in soil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 25, 137-141.
Wilcke, W., H. Döler, 1995. Schwermetalle in der Landwirtschaft. Kuratorium fur Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Darmstadt, Germany, 98 págs.
Yao, H.Y., Z.L. He, M.J. Wilson, C.D. Campbell, 2000. Microbial biomass and community structure in a sequence of soils with increasing fertility and changing land use. Microbial. Ecol., 40, 223-237.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © Autors. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. for any article submitted from 6 June 2017 onwards. For manuscripts submitted before, the CC BY 3.0 License was used.
You are free to:
 |
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format |
 |
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. |
Under the following conditions:
 |
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licenser endorses you or your use. |
| No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the licence permits. |
