Perception of gender stereotypes, machismo and marianismo in Ecuadorian adolescents: A focus group study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18537/mskn.07.02.02Keywords:
el machismo, el marianismo, estereotipo de género, doble estándar, adolescentesAbstract
Recent studies increasingly demonstrated that gender differences are linked with macro-cultural factors. The stereotypes in Latin America that shape gender roles are machismo and marianismo. In contrast, with the ample publications on the importance of machismo, empirical research on machismo and certainly marianismo is still in its infancy despite both being well known concepts. To this end, the present study explores how Ecuadorian adolescents from Cuenca experience, and make sense of, gender stereotypes. Twelve focus groups were carried out, involving 127 male and female adolescents. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four categories related to machismo emerged: cognition regarding machismo, manifestations of machismo, adolescents’ expectations by gender, and advantages of traditional norms. The results showed that participants know about machismo and stated that gender stereotypes are transmitted to adolescents by parents and society in general to the next generations. Our participants blame gender stereotypes for the inequality in the society, but at the same time, their intervention showed that they absorbed these stereotypes in their belief system.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ampofo, A.A., E. Asa-Adjei, M. Kyerewaa-Brobbey, 2015. Feminisms and acculturation around the globe. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 905-911.
Baldwin, J., E. DeSouza, 2001. Modelo de María and Machismo: the social construction of gender in Brazil. Interamericam Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 9-29.
Barker, C.H., K.L. Cook, J. Borrego, 2010. Addressing cultural variables in parent training programs with Latino families. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(2), 157-166.
Berglund, S., J. Liljestrand, M. De María, N. Salgado, E. Zelaya, 1997. The background of adolescent pregnancies in Nicaragua: A qualitative approach. Social Science & Medicine, 44(1), 1-12.
Briones-Vozmediano, E., C. Davó-Blanes, M. García-de la Hera, I. Goicolea, C. Vives-Cases, 2016. Discursos profesionales sobre la violencia del compañero íntimo: implicación en la atención de las mujeres inmigrantes en España. Gaceta Sanitaria, 30(5), 326-332.
Champion, J.D., A. Szlachta, 2016. Self-identified sexual orientation and sexual risk behavior among HIV-infected Latino males. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 27(5), 585-594.
Cianelli, R., L. Ferrer, B. Mcelmurry, 2008. HIV prevention and low-income Chilean women: Machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(3), 297-306.
Connell, R., 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Conrad, P., 2011. Antropología Cultural (12a ed.). México D.F., México: McGraw-Hill Publ. Comp.
Crooks, R., K. Baur, 2009. Nuestra Sexualidad (10a ed.). México D.F, México: Cengage Learning.
Duque, L., N. Montoya, 2006. Características de las personas: Actitudes machistas. Antioquia: Previva, Universidad de Antioquia.
Fitch, K., M. James, J. Motion, 2016. Talking back: Reflecting on feminism, public relations and research. Public Relations Review, 42(2), 279-287.
Ioana, I.M., 2013. The evolution of the Romanian feminism in the 20th century. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 454-458.
Garduño, A.S., R. Díaz, N. Reyes, C. Hurtarte, F. López, M. Moreno, A. Romero, J. Hernández; M. Domínguez, 2015. Roles de género y diversidad: Validación de una escala en varios contextos culturales. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 5(3), 2124-2147.
Giraldo, O., 1972. El Machismo como fenómeno Psicocultural. Revista latino-americana de psicología, 4(3), 295-309.
González, B., 1999. Los estereotipos como factor de socialización de género. Comunicar, 12, 79-88.
Hardim, M., 2002. Altering masculinities: The Spanish conquest and the evolution of the Latin American machismo. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 7(1), 1-22.
Hiller, V., T. Baudin, 2016. Cultural transmission and the evolution of gender roles. Mathematical Social Sciences, 84, 8-23.
Ingoldsby, B., 1985. A theory for the development of machismo. The Annual Meeting of the National Council of Family Relation. Dallas, TX, 1-13 pp.
Ingoldsby, B., 1991. The Latin American family: Familism vs machismo. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 22(1), 57-62.
Kinsman, J., S. Nyanzi, R. Pool, 2000. Socializing influences and the value of sex: the Experience of Adolescent school girls in rural Masaka, Uganda. Culture, Health & sexuality, 2(2), 151-166.
Lamas, M., 2016. Mujeres guerrerenses: Feminismo y política. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, 61(226), 409-424.
Lugo, C., 1985. Machismo y violencia. Nueva Sociedad, 78, 40-47.
Mayo, Y., 1997. Machismo, fatherhood and the Latino family. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 5(1/2), 49-61.
Milojevic, I., 2008. Timing feminism, feminising time. Futures, 40(4), 329-345.
Mirandé, A., 1997. Hombres y machos: Masculinity and Latino culture. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Noland, C., 2006. Listening to the sound of silence: Gender roles and comunication about sex in Puerto Rico. Sex Roles, 55(5), 283-294.
Olavarría, J., 2006. Hombres: Identidades y violencia. Flacso. Available at http://joseolavarria.cl/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/10/2do-Encuentro-Hombres-Identidad-y-violencia.pdf, 175 pp.
Quiñonez, Y., R. Resnick, 1996. The Impact of Machismo on Hispanic Women. Sage publications, 11(3), 257-277.
Raffaelli, M., L. Ontai, 2004. Gender socialization in Latino/a families: Results from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles, 50(5/6), 287-299.
Raffaelli, M., L. Ontai, 2001. She´s 16 years old and there´s boys calling over to the house: An exploratory study of sexual socialización in Latino families. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 3(3), 295-310.
Salyers, S., 1998 "Machismo/Marianismo attitudes, employment, education, and sexual behavior among women in Ecuador and the Dominican Republic. Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health, 3(1), 1-27.
Sequeira, D., 2009. The Machismo and marianismo tango. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publ. Co., Inc.
Sinnott, J.D., J.S. Rabin, 2012. Sex roles. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 411-417 pp.
Shibley, J., J. DeLamater, 2006. Sexualidad humana (9ª Ed.). México D.F., México: McGraw-Hill Publ. Comp.
Succoff, C., 2001. Sociocultural contexts of time to first sex among hispanic adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 4(63), 1158-1169.
Stoyanova, M., D.A. Hope, 2012. Gender, gender roles, and anxiety: Perceived confirmability of self-report, behavioral avoidance, and physiological reactivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 206-214.
Tangmunkongvorakul, A., R. Kane, 2005. Gender double standar in young people attending sexual health services in Northern Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 7(4), 361-373.
Thianthai, C., 2004. Gender and class differences in young people´s sexuality and HVI/AIDS risk-taking behaviours in Thailand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6(3), 189-203.
Villarruel, A.M., D. Rodriguez, 2003. Beyond stereotypes: Promoting safer sex behaviors among Latino adolescents. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 32(2), 258-263.
Viveros, M., 2002. La masculinidad como objeto de investigación y preocupación social. In: Vivieros, M. De quebradores y cumplidores: Sobre los hombres, masculinidades y relaciones de género en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 33-118.
Wolf, D.F., 1980. La mujer mexicana: La realidad y reflejo. Undergraduate thesis, Honors College, Ball State University, Muncie, ID, USA, 53 pp.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright © Autors. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. for any article submitted from 6 June 2017 onwards. For manuscripts submitted before, the CC BY 3.0 License was used.
You are free to:
 |
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format |
 |
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. |
Under the following conditions:
 |
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licenser endorses you or your use. |
| No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the licence permits. |
